公共领域 - 国际传播

公共领域 - 国际传播

德国社会学家吉尔根·哈贝马斯(Jiirgen Habermas)(出生于1929年)也是批判理论家的自然继承人,也感叹公众的标准化,弥撒和雾化。哈贝马斯(Habermas)在他最早的一本书中发展了公共领域的概念,尽管已经27年了,这是英文翻译作为公共领域的结构转变的27年:
“ 1989年,对资产阶级社会的一个类别进行了调查。他将公共领域定义为一个竞技场,独立于政府(即使是在国家资金中),并享受党派经济势力的自治,这是致力于理性辩论的(i.e. to debate and discussion which is not ‘interests’, ‘disguised’ or ‘manipulated’) and which is both accessible to entry and open to inspection by the citizenry. It is here, in this public sphere, that public opinion is formed.” (quoted in Holub, 1991: 2-8)
Habermas argued that the ‘bourgeois public sphere’ emerged in an expanding capitalist society exemplified by eighteenth-century Britain, where entrepreneurs were becoming powerful enough to achieve autonomy from state and church and increasingly demanding wider and more effective political representation to facilitate expansion of their businesses. In his formulation of a public sphere, Habermas gave prominence to the role of information, as, at this time, a greater freedom of the press was fought for and achieved with parliamentary reform. The wider availability of printing facilities and the resultant reduction in production costs of newspapers stimulated debate contributing to what Habermas calls ‘rational-acceptable policies’, which led by the mid-nineteenth century to the creation of a ‘bourgeois public sphere’.
这个理想化的公共空间版本的特征是信息的访问性更大,资产阶级中的更为公开的辩论,这是一个独立于商业利益和国家设备的空间。但是,随着资本主义的扩大和统治地位,国家改革的呼吁取代了将其接管到进一步的商业利益的努力。随着商业利益在政治上变得突出,并开始发挥其影响力,例如,通过游说议会,资助政党和文化机构,公共领域的自主权大大降低了。
在20世纪,通过公共关系和游说公司的信息管理和操纵的不断增长的力量为使当代辩论成为真正的公共领域的“伪造版本”(Habermas,1989:195)。在公共领域的这种“重新化”中,公共事务已成为中世纪封建法院风格的“展示”的场合,而不是就社会经济问题进行辩论的空间。
Habermas还发现大众媒体系统内的变化中的Refeudalization,这些变化已成为垄断资本主义组织,促进了资本主义的利益,从而影响了他们作为公共领域信息传播者的作用。在市场驱动的环境中,媒体公司的重要关注点是生产一种人工制品,该人工制品将吸引最广泛的受众群体,从而产生最大的广告收入。因此,至关重要的是,该产品在满足最低的共同点 - 性,丑闻,名人生活方式,行动冒险和轰动性的情况下被稀释。尽管它们可以忽略不计的信息质量,但此类媒体产品仍加强了观众对“持续消费培训的软强迫”的接受(Habermas,1989:192)。
尽管公共领域的理想化版本因其非常男性,中心和资产阶级的限制而受到批评,但公共领域为理解民主的交流过程提供了有用的概念(Calhoun,1992; Dahlgren,1995)。In recent years, with the globalization of the media and communication, there has been talk about the evolution of a ‘global public sphere’ where issues of international significance – environment, human rights, gender and ethnic equality – can be articulated through the mass media, though the validity of such a concept is also contested (Sparks, 1998).

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