摩洛哥vs克罗地亚皇冠比分

印度政府于1975年推出了卫星教学电视实验（现场）时，将现代技术用于开发目的。该计划在联合国教科文组织的支持下，旨在利用卫星技术通过将有关健康，农业和教育的日常计划传输到农村社区来协助开发。India’s Department of Atomic Energy negotiated a deal with the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) which loaned India one of its satellites, Applications Technology Satellite-6 (ATS-6), for a year to make these broadcasts in exchange for sharing the knowledge from the project. The SITE programmes lasted from 1 August 1975 to 31 July 1976, and the estimated cost to India of the world’s largest techno-social experiment was about $6.6 million. The government chose 2400 villages, selected from 20 districts of some of the poorest regions of six contiguous provinces – Orissa and Bihar in the east, Madhya Pradesh […]

在近半个世纪的时间里，冷战将世界分为敌对的东西方集团。这对第三世界国家的发展具有重要意义，其中大多数人都想避免集体政治，并专注于其人口的经济解放。The phrase ‘Third World’ itself was a product of the Cold War, said to have been coined by French economic historian Alfred Sauvy in 1952, when the world was divided between the capitalist First World, led by the United States and the communist Second World with its centre in Moscow. The ‘Third World’ was the mass of countries remaining outside these two blocs1 (Brandt Commission, 1981; South Commission, 1990). National liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America had altered the political map of the world. The vast territory occupied in 1945 by European colonial powers extended over 36 million sq. km; by 1960 as a result […]

在冷战期间，人们对人们的心灵的另一场重大战斗是在第三世界进行的，那里的国家从欧洲殖民力量下的几个世纪中涌现出来。苏联认识到，由于亚洲和非洲的反殖民运动的性质在很大程度上是反西方的，因此政治局势已经成熟，可以促进共产主义。另一方面，西方对继续控制原材料并开发西方产品的潜在市场感兴趣。鉴于发展中国家大多数人口的识字水平较低，无线电被视为至关重要的媒介。此外，在亚洲和非洲新独立国家的新生媒体几乎总是受到国家控制，因此与外国媒体竞争的能力较低，其信誉和技术优势更高。鉴于其地理战略[…]，中东是西方广播公司的特殊目标。

与美国国家的宣传相反，英国广播公司的外部服务以提出成熟，平衡的观点，通过争论而不是以英国轻描淡写的最佳传统来锤击家而感到自豪。这项宣称的“平衡”政策比世界上任何其他广播组织都更具国际信誉。英国广播公司对英国政府的依赖was evident, since its budget was controlled by the Treasury through grant-in-aid from the Foreign and Colonial Office (now called the Foreign and Commonwealth Office), which could also decide which languages were used for programmes and for how long they were broadcast to each audience. For example, during the Berlin blockade of 1948-49 almost the entire output of the BBC external services was directed to Eastern bloc countries. In addition, the government exerted indirect influence on the BBC since the relay stations and overseas transmitters were negotiated through or owned […]

在冷战期间蓬勃发展的明确宣传广播电台中，有来自西德的自由欧洲（RFE）和广播自由电台（RL）。尽管美国的声音是美国信息局的合法广播部门，但总部位于慕尼黑的RFE和RL是秘密组织，在欧洲进行了针对共产主义的宣传战争。它们是现在所谓的“心理战”的一部分，其中“真理运动”成为“自由的十字军东征”。Free Europe Inc.成立于1949年，是一家非营利性的私人公司，向铁幕后面的东欧国家广播新闻和时事计划。两年后，广播解放（1963年通过了无线电自由）的名称，以向苏联广播（Mickelson，1983）。两者都是由美国政府秘密资助的，主要是通过中央情报机构直到1971年[…]

第二次世界大战的胜利盟友 - 苏联和西方由美国领导的 - 很快就消失了，因为欧洲和世界其他地区的战后秩序出现了差异。这场冲突本质上是关于组织社会的两种对比观点：受马克思列宁主义的启发，以及由美国拥护的资本主义个人主义的启发。日本纳粹主义和军国主义的失败伴随着美国宣布的民主胜利和联合国制度的创造。Though the 1947 General Assembly Resolution 110 (II) condemned ‘all forms of propaganda which are designed or likely to provoke or encourage any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression’, both camps indulged in regular propaganda as the battle lines of the Cold War were being drawn (quoted in Taylor, 1997). Soviet Broadcast Propaganda In the […]

随着新媒体的扩展，电波战役增长了国际传播的战略意义。自从广播的出现以来，其用于宣传是其发展不可或缺的一部分，具有影响价值，信念和态度的能力（Taylor，1995）。在第一次世界大战期间，广播的力量迅速被认为对在家中的公众舆论和国外宣传的管理都至关重要，这是针对盟友和敌人的。正如宣传的杰出学者所指出的：‘在战争期间，人们认识到，动员人类和手段还不够；必须动员意见。对生命和财产的权力，对官方的掌握力量（Lasswell，1927：14）。俄罗斯共产党是实现广播意识形态和战略重要性的最早政治团体之一，也是第一批公众[…]